Rome in the Footsteps of an XVIIIth Century Traveller

If you came to this page directly, you might wish to read a page on the foundation of Olympia and of its Games first.

Philippeion

The Olympic Games faced the competition of rival games which however were held in different years in order not to coincide with the Olympic ones; the most important ones were the Isthmian Games which were held at Corinth, one of the richest towns of Greece; other games were held at Delphi and at Nemea, near Argos, in memory of the slaying of the Nemean Lion, the First Labour of Hercules.
The Olympic Games did not suffer from the Macedonian hegemony over Greece and King Philip II commissioned a round temple which was completed by Alexander the Great, his son. Only the foundations and lower part of the walls were visible until 2004 when, on the occasion of the Athens Olympic Games, the Pergamon Museum of Berlin returned some architectural fragments which were utilized for a partial reconstruction.

Leonidaion

Olympia was not a town with a large permanent population, nor was it a sanctuary routinely visited by pilgrims; it sprang to life only during the games (which lasted only five days, but were preceded by ceremonies) and therefore it had facilities which were utilized only during that short period; important athletes and guests were housed in the Leonidaion, a sort of luxury hotel built by Leonidas of Naxos, a benefactor and perhaps an architect himself, in ca 330 BC; it was modified by the Romans in the IInd century AD when a pool was placed at the centre of the main courtyard.
The majority of the people who attended the games were probably housed in temporary accommodation or in tents as the Games were held during the months of July or August.

Palaestra

The Olympian Palaestra with reference to the Roman period, a square and an open space for athletes' training as well as a place for their mental and physical preparation before the Games, is undoubtedly the typological reference made by Vitruvius in "De Architectura". Its value as a standard in architecture is in any case indisputable.
From the UNESCO synthesis of the universal value of Olympia which in 1989 was added to the World Heritage List.
Gradually the Olympic Games which were a celebration of the unity of the Greek world (a general truce allowed participants to safely reach Olympia) turned into a merely athletic contest; professional athletes and slaves were allowed to compete and in general the whole machinery of the Games acquired a business entertainment dimension. After the IIIrd century BC, when other events were added to races the athletes were given a large palaestra for practising boxing, wrestling and jumping.

Museum of Olympia: (left) detail of the statue of a military commander; (right) statue of Poppaea Sabina, Emperor Nero's second wife (you may wish to see her assumed villa near Pompeii)

The statue of a Roman senator, who had been victorious, was erecting, when the collection was viewed by Pausanias (in the IInd century AD).
Richard Chandler - An account of a tour made at the expense of the Society of dilettanti - 1775
Athletes from Rome took part in the Olympic Games well before the Romans established their hegemony over Greece in 196 BC; the Games continued to be held regularly until 84 BC when Silla, in order to punish some Greek towns for having sided with Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, retaliated by sacking Olympia; the 80 BC Olympic Games were held in Rome. Apart from this episode the Games enjoyed the favour of the Romans and in particular of some emperors; Emperor Nero visited Olympia during a long journey he made in Greece in 67 AD and a Roman house was built for the occasion. An exquisite statue of the beautiful wife of the Emperor was found in the Heraion.

Nymphaeum (monumental fountain); in the foreground the upper part of an aedicula, a small circular temple

Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius favoured Olympia and in 160 an aqueduct was built to supply the town with water so that a monumental fountain could be built between the Heraion and the terrace where the treasuries stood. Herodes Atticus, a friend of the emperors commissioned its construction; it was decorated with niches housing statues of the imperial family and of his own. Two small aediculae at the side of the main basin housed the statues of Herodes Atticus and of Antoninus Pius (or perhaps of Marcus Aurelius, his successor).

Museum of Olympia: statue of a bull which stood at the centre of the nymphaeum with an inscription indicating it was dedicated to Zeus by Annia Regilla

The Praefects and the competitors were required to qualify by taking an oath, with dire imprecations, in the prefence of Jupiter Horcius. The terrible image stood in the council-chamber, bearing in either hand avenging thunder; and a boar was the victim. Chandler
Herodes Atticus belonged to a wealthy Athenian family and he married Annia Regilla who belonged to an even wealthier Roman family; in addition to the nymphaeum at Olympia Herodes Atticus built a large odeon at Athens, a villa on the Via Appia Antica and a nearby tomb. The couple spent most of their time in Greece including Olympia where Annia Regilla was given a position of priestess.

Roman baths

Ancient sanctuaries, such as the Pelopion and a row of Treasuries to the north at the foot of Kronion Hill, are present within the peribolus of the Altis, consecrated to the gods, alongside the principal temples of Zeus and Hera. All around the divine precinct are the structures used by the priests (Theokoleon) and the administration (Bouleuterion), as well as common buildings (Prytaneion), accommodation (Leonidaion and Roman hostel), residences for distinguished guests (Nero's House), and all the sports structures used for the preparation and celebration of the Olympic Games: the stadium and the hippodrome to the east, and the thermal baths, the Palaestra and the Gymnasium to the south and west. UNESCO
Archaeological excavations at Olympia were started by unearthing the area of Altis, the sacred precinct where the two main temples and the treasuries stood; they were subsequently expanded to include ancillary buildings for the athletes; in recent years a large Roman guesthouse has been found near Leonidaion; it included private baths with traces of mosaics; the buildings are dated IIIrd century AD so they can be regarded as one of the last additions to Olympia.

Church inside Phidias' Workshop (the marble for the chancel screen was taken from the nymphaeum)

The Olympic Games of 393 were the last ones because Emperor Theodosius decreed their end, in the frame of his religious policy. Deprived of its purpose Olympia declined; its temples were damaged and the ancient statues made of precious materials were taken away; a church was built on the foundations of Phidias' Workshop and the Roman baths were utilized for a grape press and a glass factory; naked athletes no longer competed for a wreath of olive leaves (as the one shown in the image in the background of this page - from a funerary relief in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens).

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