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Visit Rome following 8 XVIIIth century itineraries XVIIIth century Rome in the 10 Books of Giuseppe Vasi - Le Magnificenze di Roma Antica e Moderna The Grand View of Rome by G. Vasi The Environs of Rome: Frascati, Tivoli, Albano and other small towns near Rome A 1781 map of Rome by G. Vasi An 1852 map of Rome by P. Letarouilly Rome seen by a 1905 armchair traveller in the paintings by Alberto Pisa The 14 historical districts of Rome An abridged history of Rome How to spend a peaceful day in Rome Baroque sculptors and their works The coats of arms of the popes in the monuments of Rome Pages on a specific pope Pages complementing the itineraries and the views by Giuseppe Vasi Walks in the Roman countryside and in other towns of Latium following Ferdinand Gregorovius A Directory of links to the Churches of Rome A Directory of links to the Palaces and Villas of Rome A Directory of links to the Other Monuments of Rome A Directory of Baroque Architects with links to their works A Directory of links to Monuments of Ancient Rome A Directory of links to Monuments of Medieval Rome A Directory of links to Monuments of Renaissance A Directory of links to Monuments of the Late Renaissance A list of the most noteworthy Roman Families Directories of fountains, obelisks, museums, etc. Books and guides used for developing this web site An illustrated Glossary of Art Terms Venice and the Levant Roman recollections in Florence A list of Italian towns shown in this web site Venetian Fortresses in Greece Vienna seen by an Italian XVIIIth century traveller A list of foreign towns shown in this web site
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All images © by Roberto Piperno, owner of the domain. Write to romapip@quipo.it. Text edited by Rosamie Moore.
Page revised in April 2009.

To my Italian 
visitors

S. Giorgio al Velabro (Book 3) (Map C3) (Day 5) (View C9) (Rione Ripa) and (Rione Campitelli)

In this page:
The plate by Giuseppe Vasi
Today's view
S. Giorgio al Velabro
Arco degli Argentieri
Arco di Giano Quadrifronte
S. Eligio dei Fabbri
S. Giovanni Decollato
S. Anastasia

The Plate (No. 55)

S. Giorgio al Velabro

The area along the river at the foot of the Palatine hill was marshy until the ancient Romans developed a drainage system (Cloaca Maxima) which carried off rainwater to the Tiber. After the fall of the Roman Empire the net of sewers was no longer maintained and eventually a small stream which crossed Circus Maximus was channelled through Cloaca Maxima: in Vasi's time its flow was used for a paper-mill (on the left). Because of the nearby Campo Vaccino (the Forum) it was common to see cattle being led there. The view is taken from the green dot in the small map below. In the description below the plate Vasi made reference to: 1) Arco di Giano Quadrifronte; 2) The paper mill above Cloaca Maxima; 3) Arco degli Argentieri; 4) S. Giorgio al Velabro. The small 1748 map shows also: 5) S. Eligio dei Fabbri; 6) S. Giovanni Decollato; 7) S. Anastasia. The dotted line in the small map delineates the border between Rione Ripa (left) and Rione Campitelli (right).

Small ViewSmall Map

Today

The view today
(left) Arco di Giano Quadrifronte and S. Giorgio al Velabro; (right) arches above Cloaca Maxima

The church and Arco di Giano Quadrifronte (without the added medieval tower) have been preserved, whilst the paper-mill has been pulled down. Arco degli Argentieri is hidden by the church. The arches above Cloaca Maxima can be seen in an opening between two modern buildings.

S. Giorgio al Velabro

S. Giorgio al Velabro
(left) S. Giorgio al Velabro and Arco degli Argentieri; (right) detail of the portico


The church was built by the Greek community (as were many other churches in the area, including S. Maria in Cosmedin) in the VIIth century, while the portico (with nice columns and a long inscription) and the bell tower were added in the XIIIth century. The dedication to St. George replaced a previous one to St. Sebastian; both were soldier saints, but the former was the patron of the small Byzantine garrison in Rome. In the 1920s the interior of the church was brought back to its medieval appearance. In 1993 the portico was severely damaged by an explosion, but it has been thoroughly restored (you may wish to see the building as it appeared in a 1588 Guide to Rome). Learn what Velabro means and the importance of this site in the history of Rome.

Arco degli Argentieri

Arch of the Money-changers
Arco degli Argentieri: (left) Hercules; (centre) detail of the decoration; (right) overall view

The little arch was erected by Argentarii (money-changers) and cattle dealers in honour of Emperor Septimius Severus: the decoration and the inscriptions made reference to that emperor and his two sons: Caracalla and Geta. After Caracalla murdered Geta all references to the latter were deleted. It is a work of art of the late Empire, as its nearly baroque decoration shows. The relief portraying Hercules is due to the traditional account which sets one of Hercules' labours in this part of Rome.

Arco di Giano Quadrifronte

Arch of Janus
(left) Arco di Giano; (right) the arch with the Palatine in the background

The arch has different names and was built around the reign of Emperor Constantine. It is also called Arch of Maxentius, after Constantine's fiercest enemy. Giano (Janus) was the god of the passages (ianua in Latin means door): the arch dedicated to him had four fronts instead of two (quadrifronte = four fronts). The main purpose of the arch was to shelter the dealers who used to meet in this commercial part of the city. Its design is similar to the arch at Malborghetto. In the niches there were statues of the gods (short-lived, because in a few years the pagan gods were to be banned). You may wish to see it in the moonlight.

S. Eligio dei Fabbri

S. Eligio dei Fabbri
The complex of S. Eligio dei Fabbri and S. Giovanni Decollato on the other side of the road

Sant'Eligio is the patron saint of goldsmiths, but because he detached and subsequently reattached a horse's leg he is also the patron saint of those who work with horses. For this reason three Roman guilds (goldsmiths, farriers and blacksmiths) dedicated a church to him: he was honoured in S. Eligio degli Orefici (goldsmiths) near Via Giulia, in S. Eligio dei Sellai (farriers) (the church was pulled down at the beginning of the XXth century) and in S. Eligio dei Fabbri (blacksmiths) which is covered in this page.

S. Eligio dei Fabbri
(left) S. Eligio dei Fabbri and to the very left the tower of Palazzo Senatorio; (centre-above) bust of S. Eligio; (right-above) grill decorated with the symbols of the blacksmiths; (right-below) deatil of the relief below the statue of S. Eligio by Nanni di Banco at Orsanmichele in Florence

The blacksmiths were so proud of their skills that above the entrance they wrote "Universitatis Fabrorum" (the University of the Blacksmiths) (click here for a list of churches belonging to a guild). The guild included also grinders, tinkers, locksmiths and gunsmiths. In Florence the guild of the blacksmiths dedicated a statue to their patron saint in Orsanmichele (see my Florentine Recollections). The church is in the valley between the Palatine and the Capitol. The current building dates back to 1562; it still belongs to the guild (now a brotherhood with a website).

S. Giovanni Decollato

S. Giovanni Decollato
(left) S. Giovanni Decollato; (upper right corner) inscription on the side of the church; (centre) coat of arms of the brotherhood; (right) relief with the head of St. John surrounded by the inscription "Misericordiae Archiconfrater"

In Florence when you need an ambulance, you do not call the Red Cross, you call "La Misericordia" a brotherhood for helping the sick. Its members wore the traditional hooded uniform until 2006. In 1490 the Florentines living in Rome created their own local Misericordia (miserere=pity cor, cordis=heart) which was named after St. John the Baptist, the patron saint of Florence.
Pope Innocent VIII gave the brotherhood a piece of land where a church (click here for a list of national churches in Rome) and an oratory were built during the first half of the XVIth century (you may wish to see the building as it appeared in a 1588 Guide to Rome).

S. Giovanni Decollato Interior
(left) Interior; (right) Decollation of St. John by Giorgio Vasari

The interior of the church and the adjoining oratory have a rich decoration and paintings by Giorgio Vasari and other Florentine mannerist artists. The members of the brotherhood comforted the condemned during their last hours and in 1540 Pope Paul III granted the brotherhood the right to free once a year a convict condemned to death. Read Charles Dickens's account of an execution near this church in 1845.

S. Giovanni Decollato the decoration
(left) Central panel of the ceiling of the church; (right above) another detail of the ceiling; (right below) relief in the cloister

St. John's head on a platter was the symbol of the brotherhood and it is a recurring theme of the decoration of the church; the emphasis placed on this gruesome reference to the saint was in line with the recommendations developed by the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trento which promoted the representation of martyrs' lives and in particular of the tortures they endured and of the ways they were put to death.

Details of frescoes
Details of frescoes by Francesco Salviati in the oratory showing members of the brotherhood including Michelangelo (the man with the long beard in the upper image)

S. Anastasia

S. Anastasia
S. Anastasia: (left upper corner) window of the late XVth century building; (right upper corner) bee (symbol of Pope Urban VIII) above the entrance

S. Anastasia is one of the oldest churches of Rome; it dates back to the IVth century, although its current appearance is the result of several reconstructions; during the Byzantine rule it was the church of the governors of the City. Major modifications were made by Pope Sixtus IV for the 1475 Jubilee. In 1636 the façade was thoroughly redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (or Luigi Arrigucci) for Pope Urban VIII, whose heraldic bees decorate the façade (you may wish to see the building as it appeared in a 1588 Guide to Rome).

S. Anastasia
Interior of the church with columns of pavonazzetto and cipollino (left) and granite (right); maybe you wish to know more about the stones of Rome

The interior of the church was redesigned in 1721-22 by Carlo Gimach for Cardinal Nuno da Cunha; the ancient columns which once supported the building were used to decorate the new large nave.

S. Anastasia (statue)
Statue of S. Anastasia by Francesco Aprile and Ercole Ferrata under the main altar

The statue of Anastasia was clearly inspired by Bernini's works. Her ecstatic face is similar to that of S. Teresa, the statue Bernini designed for Cappella Cornaro. The church was probably named after Anastasia, a sister of Emperor Constantine, but it was later on dedicated to St. Anastasia of Sirmium, a martyr of the IVth century who was burnt alive.

Excerpts from Giuseppe Vasi 1761 Itinerary related to this page:


Chiesa di s. Eligio
Era questa anticamente delicata a ss. Giacomo, e Martino, e vi era unito un conservatorio di povere donne: ma poi ottenuta dalla Confraternita de' Ferrari nell'an. 1563. riedificarono la chiesa da' fondamenti, ed ora l'hanno ornata con nobilissime cappelle di marmi e pitture. Poco più oltre si vede a destra la
Chiesa di s. Giovanni Decollato
Prima dicevasi questa chiesa s. Maria della Fossa, perchè in essa si dava sepoltura a' giustiziati, che allora si facevano morire sul vicino monte Caprino Ma essendo nell'an. 1487. da Innoc. VIII. approvata la Confraternita della Misericordia eretta, e composta di nazionali Fiorentini, fu di nuovo edificata la chiesa, e dedicata a s. Gio. Batista col titolo di Decollato, e comecchè il loro istituto è di assistere a ben morire i condannati a morte, e dar loro sepoltura, vi eressero il cimiterio cinto di portici. Sonovi nella chiesa, e sagrestia delle pitture del Vasari, del Salviati, del Pomarancio del Naldini, ed altri. Quindi camminando a destra si vedono le rovine del
Giano Quadrifonte
Si ravvisa questo antichissimo edifizio tutto formato di marmo con quattro archi aperti ne' quattro prospetti, ed in ogni prospetto dodici nicchie, e viene creduto essere il tempio di Giano Quadrifronte, ma è più verisimile esser uno delli due fornici adorni di statue di oro, che fece Stertinio nel foro Boario, che quivi si stabilisce dall'iscrizione, che ancor si legge nell'arco fatto dagli Argentarj, e negozianti del medesimo foro Boario, quale ancora si vede appoggiato alla
Chiesa di s. Giorgio in Velabro
Si dice in velabro questa chiesa a vehendo, poichè fu quivi una palude o stagno del vicino Tevere, in cui furono spinti i due fanciulli Romolo, e Remo dalle onde in quel tempo fluttuanti, e però si tragittava colla barchetta; seccata poi la palude da Tarquinio Superbo, vi fu eretto il foro Boario, in cui fu alzato un vitello di bronzo dorato, in memoria di aver ivi Romolo coll'aratro tirato da un bue, ed una vacca principiato il solco per segnare le mura di Roma.
Fu quivi la casa di Scipione Affricano, la quale comprata poi da Tito Sempronio, vi edificò una basilica, che fu detta Semproniana, sopra le cui rovine essendo edificata la chiesa s. Leone II. la dedicò a s. Sebastiano, ed avendola poi il Pontefice s. Zaccaria ristaurata, vi aggiunse il titolo di s. Giorgio, per essere entrambi difensori della Chiesa. Fu da principio collegiata insigne, ma ora vi è unito un convento di frati Agostiniani Scalzi. Si legge, che quivi, come dicemmo, nel foro Boario stette per tre giorni insepolto il cadavere di s Bibbiana. Lo scavo, che si vede sotto la cartiera, è avanzo della Cloaca massima, e l'acqua è del fonte di Giugurta.
Chiesa di s. Anastasia
Circa l'anno 300. si tiene, che fosse fabbricata quivi una piccola chiesa da Appollonia Matrona Romana per dare sepoltura alla santa Vergine, e Martire, e fu tenuta con tanta venerazione da' Sommi Pontefici, che nella notte del ss. Natale di Gesù Cristo, dopo aver detta la prima messa in s. Gio. Laterano, venivano in questa a celebrare la seconda nell'aurora. Si conservano in essa il pannolino, con cui la ss. Vergine involte il ss. Bambino, parte del mantello di s. Giuseppe, ed ancora il calice, col quale celebrava s. Girolamo, mentre vi dimorò da Prete. Fu poi eretta a tre navate ornata di belle colonne di marmo antiche, e da Urb. VIII. fu rinnovata col disegno del Cav. Bernino, il quale fece il nobile prospetto; dal Card. Nunno d'Acunha Portoghese essendone titolare, fu adornata notabilmente anco la sagrestia. Nella tribuna si vedono de' marmi, e busti di metallo, e due preziose colonne; le pitture sono di Lazzaro Bardi, e la statua della Santa a giacere sotto l'altare fu l'ultima opera di Ercole Ferrata, terminata però da Francesco Aprile Milanese.
Presso di questa chiesa essendosi nel 1526. scoperta una nicchia con conchiglie marine, si suppose essere stata del tempio di Nettunno; ma è sicuro, essere stata quì presso l'Ara Massima, cioè quel gran sasso, o altare drizzato da Ercole in compagnia di Evandro dopo l'uccisione di Cacco, e dicevasi così, perchè veramente era grandissimo, e fu celebre sopra tutti gli altri, perchè drizzato alla Fede, che davasi di amistà reciproca. Questi siti, che ora vediamo occupati da' fenili, orti, e vigne, erano in quei tempi, che la Romana Repubblica fioriva, li più abitati, e perciò pieni di edifìzj stupendi, e memorabili; ma comecchè anderebbe troppo alla lunga, se almeno volessimo accennarli, ci contenteremo per ora delle principali, e più rimarchevoli. Dal divisato tempio di Romolo e Remo principiava la famosa Via Nuova, e andava ad unirsi colla Appia; e nello tra quel tempio e l'Ara massima, tra la Regia di Numa, la casa di Tarquinio Prisco, ed il gran ponte di Caligola fatte per andare dal Palatino al Campidoglio.

Next plate in Book 3: Chiesa di S. Maria in Cosmedin

Next step in Day 5 itinerary: Chiesa di S. Teodoro
Next step in your tour of Rione Ripa: Circo Massimo
Next step in your tour of Rione Campitelli: Chiesa di S. Maria Liberatrice