Rome in the Footsteps of an XVIIIth Century Traveller

Links to this page can be found in Book 8, Map C3, Day 6, View C10 and Rione Trastevere.

The page covers:
The plate by Giuseppe Vasi
Today's view
S. Cecilia
  - Saint Cecilia and her statue by Stefano Maderno
  - XVIIIth Century Entrance
Casa di Ettore Fieramosca

The Plate (No. 145)

S. Cecilia is the finest and best known church which Giuseppe Vasi depicted in his 1758 book of twenty etchings covering the nunneries of Rome. Because of its antiquity it could have been included in the third book of the series which showed the most ancient churches of Rome, but perhaps Vasi felt that it had been too modernized. As a matter of fact the Benedictine abbesses and nuns of S. Cecilia often belonged to the wealthiest Roman families and they could afford the restoration and embellishment of the church; in addition being the titular of S. Cecilia was regarded as a high honour by cardinals and they too supported improvements to the church.
The view is taken from the green dot in the 1748 small map below. In the description below the plate Vasi made reference to: 1) Part of the Monastery; 2) Vase which once stood at the centre of the courtyard. The map shows also: 3) Church of S. Cecilia; 4) Entrance to the courtyard; 5) Casa di Ettore Fieramosca.

Today

The view in March 2008

In 1929 the ancient vase depicting a beautiful kantharos, a Greek drinking cup, was placed at the centre of the courtyard; this is the only change from Vasi's time, apart from a number of additional windows to allow nuns a more comfortable life. Those shown in the plate had panels which prevented them from seeing people in the courtyard and vice versa. They can be noticed also at other nunneries, e.g. Monastero della SS. Annunziata.

S. Cecilia

Early XVIIth century fresco inside the church. It portrays (left to right): St. Cecilia, St. Stephen, Pope St. Urban I, St. Lawrence and St. Valerian. St. Stephen and St. Lawrence are not related to events of the life of St. Cecilia, but are among the most popular saints in Rome

St. Cecilia is mentioned, from the primitive ages, in the Canon of the Mass, and in the Sacramentaries and Calendars of the Church. She had consecrated her virginity to God from an early age; but her parents obliged her to marry a nobleman, named Valerian, whom, with his brother Tiburtius, she converted to the Faith. The two brothers and an officer named Maximus first suffered martyrdom and St. Cecilia shared their triumph a few days after, in the pontificate of Urban I, A. D. 230 , under Alexander Severus.
Rev. Jeremiah Donovan - Rome Ancient and Modern - 1842

(left) Ancient columns of the portico; (centre) kantharos (see a similar one which stood near SS. Apostoli). This jar was a symbol of Dionysus; it was usually depicted in mosaics with a grapevine growing from it, as at Bagni di Erode Attico along Via Appia, but it eventually became a Christian symbol as at Bulla in Tunisia; (right-above) inscription found in 1900 stating an enlargement of "pomerium", the official boundary of the City of Rome, by Emperor Vespasian in 75 AD; (right-below) Roman funerary inscription on a wall of the courtyard

At the end of this Church as you come in, are seen yet the stoves in which St. Cecily was shut up in her own house to be stifled, but that failing she was Beheaded. The stoves are yet entire, and shewing the manner of the antient stoves.
Richard Lassels' The Voyage of Italy, or a Compleat Journey through Italy in ca 1668
According to tradition the church was built by Pope Urban I on the site of Cecilia's house from which perhaps some its columns were taken. There are nine underground rooms below the current floor. Some of them are said to have housed events of the life of St. Cecilia, e.g. the heated bath where she was closed in a first attempt to kill her. Eventually an executioner was sent to behead her. Three stabs mortally wounded her throat, yet she did not die immediately.

(above/middle) Details of the XIIth century mosaic above the portico; (below-left to right) St. Agatha, St. Cecilia and Pope St. Lucius I, whose relics are buried in the church

On occasion of the changes made in 1599, there were discovered three marble sarcophagi (..) in the third were found the bodies of SS. Urban and Lucius, Popes, all transferred hither from the Catacombs by Paschal I. Donovan
In the early IXth century Pope Paschal I built an entirely new church above the previous one also because the level of the ground had risen owing to floods; notwithstanding the many changes which occurred in the following centuries, the building retains its original design, i.e. a basilica divided into three naves by rows of columns with a large apse at its end. The portico and the bell tower were built towards the end of the XIIth century and the interior was decorated with a Cosmati floor in the same period.
Paschal I dedicated the church and the adjoining nunnery to Saints Cecilia and Agatha, a highly worshipped martyr from Catania.

Interior

In 1724 Cardinal Francesco Acquaviva promoted a major renovation of the church by: a) modifying the façade above the portico; b) removing the Cosmati pavement; c) changing the ceiling and d) adding an elaborate stucco decoration. In 1823 the ancient columns which separated the main nave from the two smaller ones were incorporated into pillars to strengthen the stability of the building. The overall result is harmonious, but the interior resembles the hall of a royal palace, rather than a site for prayer.
You may wish to see the church in a 1588 Guide to Rome.

Ceiling of the main nave: "Crowning of St. Cecilia" by Sebastiano Conca; notice the angels carrying an organ

Sebastiano Conca (1679-1764) after Maratti's and Luti's deaths, held a position of unequalled eminence. His ceiling fresco with the Crowning of St Cecilia gives the measure of his achievement. (..) This work is clearly in the tradition of Maratti but not without a difference: here the balanced symmetrical composition belies the Baroque paraphernalia, an indication of the growing academic mentality. Of course, gone for ever are the intensity and spirituality, the hot breath and vigour, the chiaroscuro and mysticism of the Late Baroque moment represented by Gaulli, what remains is the competent handling of well-worn formulae.
Rudolf Wittkower - Art and Architecture in Italy, 1600-1750

Detail of th IXth century mosaic of the apse portraying Jesus Christ and (left to right) Pope Paschal I holding the model of the church and being introduced by St. Cecilia, St. Paul, St. Peter, St. Valerian and St. Agatha; while St. Peter and St. Paul were portrayed as ancient Roman senators, St. Cecilia and St. Agatha were portrayed as Byzantine princesses

We owe to Pope Paschal I the mosaic decoration of the apses of two other churches: S. Maria in Domnica and S. Prassede where he decorated also a small chapel. The mosaic at S. Cecilia was partially demolished in the XVIIIth century; we know that it had side scenes similar to those at S. Prassede. You may wish to see a page covering this topic.

Canopy by Arnolfo di Cambio (other details can be seen in the historical section)

In 1293 Pope Nicholas IV embellished the church with a ciborium by Arnolfo di Cambio. It is similar, but it has a more refined decoration, than that which the sculptor/architect made for S. Paolo fuori le Mura in 1285. You may wish to see similar canopies at S. Maria in Cosmedin and S. Giovanni in Laterano. Arnolfo designed some very fine funerary monuments, e.g. that for Cardinal Guillaume de Braye at Orvieto; his large statues e.g. that of Charles of Anjou and those for the Manger Chapel are less convincing.

The Last Judgement by Pietro Cavallini (from an image found on the internet)

Pietro Cavallini was the leading painter in Rome at the end of the XIIIth century. He worked by using both mosaics and frescoes. A large fresco by him on the rear façade of S. Cecilia was partially damaged when in 1725 a choir for the nuns hid it from view. It can be seen by asking permission to the nuns, but they do not allow taking pictures of it. Other frescoes Cavallini made at S. Paolo fuori le Mura were destroyed by fire, but his mosaics at S. Maria in Trastevere testify to his talent.

Portico: (left/centre) gravestones of "Madonna Dorotea" (1490) and Battista Ponziani (1480); (right) monument to Cardinal Paolo Emilio Sfondrati (d. 1618) by Girolamo Rainaldi

The redesign of the interior of the church in 1724 led to the relocation of some of the gravestones and funerary monuments it housed. The Ponziani were an important family of Trastevere and they had their house near S. Cecilia.
Cardinal Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, nephew of Pope Gregory XIV, promoted a major restoration of the church in 1600 and on that occasion he ordered the opening of St. Cecilia's tomb. In 1606 he restored the ceiling of S. Agnese fuori le Mura.

Monument to Cardinal Adam of Easton

In the Church-Porch I found the Tomb of one Adam an English Bishop of London , and Cardinal of this Title: who died in Rome An. 1397. It hath these Verses upon it. "Artibus iste pater famosus in omnibus Adam / Theologus summus Cardinalisque erat / Anglia cui patriam, titulum dedit ista Beatae / Aedes Ceciliae , morsque Suprema Polum." (Adam a famous father in arts all He was a deep divine Cardinal Whom England bred, St Cicilie hath given His title, death at last gave heaven). Lassels
Several titular cardinals of S. Cecilia chose to be buried in the church and in some instances their tombs were not removed or destroyed: among them Cardinal Adam of Easton, a village near Norfolk; he had a pretty troubled life; he was made a cardinal by Pope Urban VI in 1381, but in 1385 he was arrested with five other cardinals and charged with plotting against the Pope; he was deprived of his title, but unlike his fellows he was not executed, because the Pope did not want to offend King Richard II; Cardinal Adam was restored to his role by Pope Boniface IX who assigned him S. Cecilia; in the meantime relations between Cardinal Adam and King Richard deteriorated and the Cardinal chose never to return to England; he ordered however that his funerary monument in S. Cecilia should be decorated with his king's coat of arms.

Funerary monuments: (left) to Cardinal Nicolò Forteguerri (d. 1473) attributed to Mino da Fiesole (see another monument to a cardinal by him); (right) to Gregorio Magalotti, Bishop of Bologna (d. 1538) attributed to Guglielmo Della Porta

The monument to Cardinal Forteguerri portrays the dead in the traditional gisant, but he is placed in an entirely Renaissance structure, rather than in the medieval Gothic baldachin. Partial gilding was a feature of many reliefs by Mino da Fiesole and Andrea Bregno who often worked together (you may wish to see a similar monument to another cardinal by Bregno at S. Maria in Aracoeli and a series of reliefs for S. Maria Maggiore by Mino da Fiesole).
Gradually the gisant posture was abandoned in favour of one which derived from ancient statues, e.g. those of rivers or sarcophagi lids portraying the dead attending their funerary banquets. At the end of the XVIth century Nicolas Cordier, a talented sculptor, depicted the dead in such a posture.

(left) Funerary monuments: (left) to Cardinal Giuseppe Maria Feroni (d. 1767); (right) to Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro (d. 1913)

Giuseppe Maria Feroni was titular cardinal of S. Cecilia. He had the ability of not making enemies and was known by all in the Roman Curia as onesto e gentile and for his eloquence. His funeral took place in S. Cecilia with the participation of Pope Clement XIII and of the Sacred College of Cardinals. His funerary monument was designed by the architect Giovanni Battista Ceccarelli, the bust is a work by André Lebrun, whereas Tommaso Righi took care of the stucco for the drapery. It is similar to other works by Righi (e.g. the monument to Carlo Pio Balestra) and it testifies to the depressed economic and artistic environment which characterized Rome in that period.
Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, another titular cardinal of S. Cecilia, was very close to becoming Pope in 1903, but Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria vetoed his election to succeed Pope Leo XIII to whom Cardinal Rampolla had been the Secretary of State for fifteen years. The funerary monument by Enrico Quattrini has a neo-baroque theatrical structure which is unusual for the date. Its centrepiece is a trompe l'oeil depiction of the crypt in Santa Cecilia which the Cardinal restored. The crypt is revealed by an angel drawing back a marble curtain while a statue of the cardinal looks in.

Altarpieces: (left) Sts. Lawrence and Stephen by Giuseppe Ghezzi, father of Pier Leone Ghezzi (1676); (right) Martyrdom of St. Agatha by Paolo Guidotti (ca 1610)

Guidelines issued by the Roman Church recommended the depiction of martyrs and in particular of the cruellest aspects of their martyrdoms. These guidelines were not complied with in some of the altarpieces of S. Cecilia. St. Lawrence was burned on a gridiron and St. Stephen was battered with stones, but Giuseppe Ghezzi, a pupil of Pietro da Cortona, chose to portray them while receiving the crown of martyrdom.
St. Agatha had her breasts severed, but Guidotti portrayed her when she was tied to a tree, similar to a contemporary depiction of St. Sebastian, right before her torture began. The nunnery of St. Cecilia was very rich, the church was not a parish one and the people who attended the ceremonies belonged to the upper classes, no need therefore to depict horrible details of torture and death (see a page on this topic).

Saint Cecilia

(above) Detail of the main altar; (below) statue of St. Cecilia (see a copy in the Brompton Oratory of London)

Under the high Altar of this Church is the Tomb of this primitive Saint, with her Statue in a Couchant Posture, and just as her Body was found in Clement the VIII time, wrapt up in vails stain'd with Blood; and covered with a Robe of Gold. The neat Decoration before the high Altar, with the Silver Lamps burning before the Tomb of this Saint, was the Foundation of Cardinal Sfondrato. Lassels
Over the tomb is a fine statue, exactly representing the attitude and the drapery of the body as it was discovered in the tomb. (..) The saint is represented as reclining on her side, her garments spread in easy folds around her, and her neck and head covered with a veil of so delicate a texture as to allow the spectator almost to discover the outlines of the countenance. The posture and drapery are natural as well as graceful, and the whole form wrought with such exquisite art that we seem to behold the martyred virgin, not locked in the slumbers of death, but awaiting in the repose of innocence the call of the morning.
John Chetwode Eustace - A Classical Tour through Italy in 1802

Relief of the monument of Cardinal Sfondrati depicting Pope Clement VIII visiting the tomb of St. Cecilia

The devotion to St. Cecilia was greatly increased in the year 1600 when her embalmed body was found. Pope Clement VIII and all the people of Rome rushed to look upon the saint. The opening of the tomb was attended by many witnesses including sculptor Stefano Maderno who portrayed the recumbent body of the saint as he saw it in a very evocative statue. The bare throat shows the vain attempts of the executioner to sever Cecilia's head; she was left in agony and she passed away three days later.
The statue by Maderno became a pattern for similar representations of martyrdoms which can be seen in S. Sebastiano and in S. Anastasia; it was highly praised by Marquis de Sade, who described at length the marks on the neck of the saint and the posture of her hands in his Voyage en Italie.

(left) Passage leading to Cappella di S. Cecilia; (right) Cappella del Crocifisso: detached fresco of the late XIVth century

According to Passio Sanctae Caeciliae, a Vth century account of her life, the Prefect of Rome, fearing the repercussions of a public execution given the popularity of the young Christian, after submitting her to summary judgment, ordered that she return to her home to be locked in the steam room, thus staging a death by asphyxiation. After one day and one night, the guards found Cecilia miraculously alive, wrapped in a celestial dew.
Cardinal Sfondrati decided to build a chapel exactly above the thermal baths of her supposed house. The chapel is preceded by a highly decorated passage with frescoes by Paul Bril, a Flemish painter who settled in Rome in 1580, where he acquired a reputation for his landscapes.

Detail from "Rest on the Flight to Egypt" by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio - 1596 (Galleria Doria Pamphilj). The painting shows the importance of music in Rome at the end of the XVIth century

The association of St. Cecilia with music is due to a sentence in Passio Sanctae Ceciliae. In describing her wedding with Valerian, the text said: Cantantibus organis, Caecilia virgo in corde suo soli Domino decantabat (As the instruments were playing, the virgin Cecilia sang to the Lord in her heart). In the XVIth century, when the passage was adapted for use as an antiphon for Vespers and Lauds on Cecilia's Day the words in corde suo (in her heart) were dropped. This is the most likely explanation of why Cecilia became the patron saint of music and an organ became her symbol (the image used as background for this page shows it in the decoration of the church). Further studies on the text suggest that the original might have been Candentibus organis meaning: As the instruments (of torture) were being heated, a reference to Cecilia's martyrdom. In 1585 The Congregation of Musicians under the invocation of the Blessed Virgin, Saint Gregory and Saint Cecilia was founded. Since then November 22, the Feast of St. Cecilia, was celebrated with great solemnity and a number of chapels (e.g. at S. Carlo ai Catinari) and works of art (e.g. at S. Nicola da Tolentino) were dedicated to her and to her patronage of music.
As I had the honour of being elected a foreign correspondent of this society, I attended the annual meeting when the Cardinal President was in the chair. (..) The Cardinal is answerable for the progress of the students, and the propagation of good music for the church. (..) Among the associates are many crowned heads, but of none is the Academy more proud than of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, of England.
William Gardiner's Sights in Italy related to Rome. Published in 1847.
Today the Congregation is known as Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia and it is the major musical institution of Rome. Performances take place at a modern auditorium designed by Renzo Piano.
March the 25th 1659. In the evening (..) wee heard againe the most sweete and ravishing Musicke, which without doubt is of more power to bring satisfaction to a man's soule than any other thing in the world beside, but here I was forced to give a farwel to all this more than Earthly musicke, in regard of our suddaine departure out of Rome.
Francis Mortoft's Journal of his travels in France and Italy
Mortoft's account testifies to the great development of music in Rome, which was in part promoted by the worship of St. Cecilia. You may wish to see a page on some finely decorated Renaissance and Baroque musical instruments.

Choir for the nuns

November 22, 1786. It would take pages to describe the decorations of this church, which was packed with people. One could not see a stone of the structure. The columns were covered with red velvet wound around with ribbons of gold lace, the capitals with embroidered velvet conforming more or less to their shape - so too, with the cornices and pillars. All the intervening wall space was clothed in brightly coloured hangings, so that the whole church seemed to be one enormous mosaic. More than two hundred candles were burning behind and at the sides of the high altar, so that one whole wall was lined with candles, and the nave was fully illuminated. Facing the high altar, two stands, also covered with velvet had been erected under the organ loft. The singers stood on one: the orchestra, which never stopped playing, on the other. Just as there are concertos for violins or other instruments, here they perform concertos for voices: one voice - the soprano for instance - predominates and sings a solo while, from time to time, the choir joins in and accompanies it always supported, of course, by the full orchestra. The effect is wonderful.
J. W. Goethe - Italian Journey - Translation by W. H. Auden and Elizabeth Mayer - Collins 1962.

XVIIIth Century Entrance

(left) 1742 entrance; (right) coat of arms of Cardinal Troiano Acquaviva (putti by Agostino Corsini)

In 1742 Cardinal Troiano Acquaviva, a nephew of Cardinal Francesco Acquaviva, built a new entrance (perhaps designed by Ferdinando Fuga) to the courtyard of S. Cecilia.
Cardinal Acquaviva did not hesitate to place a gigantic coat of arms above the entrance; as a matter of fact he was a very influential cardinal who was also the Ambassador of Spain to the Papal State; in this role during the 1740 conclave he vetoed the appointment of Cardinal Pier Marcellino Corradini, thus paving the way to the election of Pope Benedict XIV.

Casa di Ettore Fieramosca

Casa di Ettore Fieramosca

This part of Trastevere was heavily populated in the Middle Ages when the ancient river harbour of Rome was moved here. During the Renaissance and the following centuries the area lost its importance and this explains why it retains so many medieval houses. A fine example of a medieval fortified house stands opposite S. Cecilia. It is named after Ettore Fieramosca, a nobleman from Capua, who in 1503 led a team of 13 Italian knights against a similar French team in a tournament in Barletta (near Bari). The building is dated XIIIth century and it had a small porch supported by ancient columns. According to tradition Fieramosca lived there in 1512 when he was at the service of Fabrizio Colonna, Duke of Paliano.

A medieval house in Piazza dei Mercanti

The small houses and the stables close to the river are now charming trattorias.

Next plate in Book 8: Chiesa e Monastero di S. Giuseppe.
Next step in Day 6 itinerary: S. Giovanni Battista dei Genovesi.

Excerpts from Giuseppe Vasi 1761 Itinerary related to this page:

Chiesa e Monastero di s. Cecilia Quivi nella propria casa sofferse per tre giorni il martirio la s. Verginella, la quale prima di morire, venendo visitata da s. Urbano Papa, lo pregò, che dopo la di lei morte convertisse quel luogo in chiesa, o per dir meglio in oratorio, come costumavasi in que' tempi. Ma poi essendosi nel Pontificato di s. Pasquale I. ritrovato nel cimiterio di s. Calisto il corpo della santa Titolare con quello di s. Valeriano suo sposo, e di s. Tiburzio suo cognato, nell'anno 821. vi fu fatta una magnifica chiesa nella forma, che ancor si vede, ed in essa con solenne festa furono trasportati quei santi Corpi. Per lungo tempo stettero nel monastero i monaci Umiliati; ma essendo questi soppressi, da Clemente VIII. fu conceduto il monastero, e la chiesa alle monache di s. Benedetto. Il Card. Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, essendone titolare, ornò la confessione, o vogliamo dire altare maggiore, con quattro preziose colonne di marmo bianco e nero antico, e varj ornamenti di pietre orientali, di metallo e d'argento. Sotto l'altare si vede la statua della Santa a giacere scolpita in candido marmo da Stefano Maderno nell'atto, come fu trovato il suo corpo; l'immagine però della ss. Vergine in un tondino fu dipinta da Annibale Caracci. Accanto alla sagrestia, si conserva ancora la stanza, ove la santa Vergine nel bagno fu ferita a morte, e vi sono delle pitture a fresco credute di Guido Reni, e de' paesi del Brilli. Dopo il deposito del Cardinal Sfondrati colle statue fatte da Carlo Maderno, segue la cappella delle reliquie, la quale per essere molto ricca e nobile, resta nella clausura, e però dalle monache si scopre per favore. Il quadro di s. Andrea, e la Maddalena, sono del Baglioni, il quale dipinse il s. Pietro, e il s. Paolo, ed ancora il martirio di s. Agata; ma la flagellazione alla colonna, e la santa Titolare nel sotterraneo, ove si custodiscono i sagri corpi, con molte altre reliquie, sono del Cav. Vanni, e le pitture a fresco nella gran volta sono del Cav. Conca, dipinte nell' ultima ristaurazione fatta dal Card. Francesco Acquaviva. Il gran vaso di marmo, che si vede vicino al portico, era dell'anticha chiesa, postovi per ornamento, come in oggi vi sono state poste le lapidi con iscrizioni antiche nel portico.